آموزش – بیوتکنولوژی دکتر رستگار

1- Rose gardens are built on lands that are closed to cold and strong winds, as well as lands with a gentle slope where damage from late spring frosts is negligible.

2- The ideal conditions for growing mohammad are: climate conditions with an average annual temperature of 12 degrees Celsius, an average annual rainfall of 643 mm, an average annual humidity of 61%, an average annual sunny days of 122 days and an average daily sunbathing. 7.5 hours. During the flowering season, the average daily sunbathing time is about 10.5-8.5 hours, the average monthly temperature is 15-20 degrees Celsius, the average monthly rainfall is 30-45 mm, and the average monthly humidity is 50-60 percent. .

3- Rose gardens should not be established in lands with heavy texture and no drainage.

4- The cold and snowy winter season has a positive effect on the growth and postponement of the bud opening of the rose.

5- The average optimal temperature of day and night during the flowering period is about 5-10 and 15-20 degrees, respectively. At temperatures below 5 degrees at night and above 20 degrees during the day, the content of essential oil decreases.

6- At the beginning of the spring and autumn months, regular rains prevent dehydration stress to the plant. In these seasons, the average air humidity of 60% has a positive effect on the accumulation of volatile essential oils.

7- Areas where the temperature difference between night and day is low, dew does not form and the amount of volatile essential oils of flowers decreases.

8- Flowering in mohammad gardens lasts about three to four weeks, but in high areas, the flowering period has been observed for up to two months.

9- The use of some growth regulating methods can change the flowering period of the rose, for example, Cycocel, Alar, Etefon, prolongs the flowering period and Gibberellic (GA3) shortens this period.

10- For every 100 meters of height, flowering occurs two to three days late.

11- Increasing the height, decreasing the temperature, increasing the light and decreasing the length of the day will increase the size of the flower, as well as the ratio of volatile essential oils, Citronellol and Phenyl ethyl alcohol will increase.

12- High temperature and drought in the months of spring start flowering earlier and shorten the flowering period, while cold and wet weather delays the beginning of flowering and prolongs the flowering season.

13- When, after several days of cold and rainy weather, the temperature suddenly increases and the rain stops, the crop harvest also decreases with the reduction of the flowering season.

14- In the first weeks of the flowering season, the amount of essential oil of the collected flowers is higher than the flowers that were collected in the following weeks of the flowering season.

15- When dew settles on flower petals in the early hours of the day, it prevents the reduction of volatile essential oils and its loss.

16- Rosemary is very resistant to cold in winter, which is the leafless season, but it is very sensitive to low temperatures and frost during the budding period, which starts from early March to early April.

17- Flowers that face the phenomenon of dew have a high weight and amount of essential oil.

18- Rosemary grows without irrigation, but in irrigated gardens, the amount of flowers harvested is higher.

19- During the flowering period, when the weather is hot and dry, watering increases the yield and quality of flowers.

20- Irrigation increases the yield and quality of roses.

21- Excessive rain makes it difficult to collect flowers and by causing physical damage to flowers, it reduces the amount of flower essence.

22- In the mohammad gardens, instead of using the diffusion method, where the amount of water wastage is high and the efficiency is low, you should use the drip irrigation method, which allows the highest water efficiency. If only the soil of the area Watering the root of the plant prevents the growth of weeds.

23- The pipes of the drip irrigation system should not be in the root part, but should be placed parallel to the trace of the flower crown on the ground. Otherwise, diseases that originate from the soil will increase and cause damage to the plant.

24- The ideal soil for rose gardens is loam-sand soil. Loam soil is a medium combination of sand, silt, and clay.

25- Rosemary grows very well, especially in loam-sandy soils that have a deep and draining structure, contain enough organic matter with a pH between six and seven, and also a small amount of lime.

26- The root of the rhododendron gets sick and rots very easily in soils where a lot of water collects or the level of underground water is high.

27- In calcareous and alkaline soils, in order to facilitate the uptake of nutrients by the roots of plants, with the help of fertilizers that lower the pH of the soil, or sulfur powder and humic acid, the pH of the soil is adjusted, as a result, nutrients are better absorbed by the soil and They become substances that plants can benefit from.

28- The lack of two elements, iron and zinc, is very important in terms of quality and productivity. This lack of soil can be solved by spraying iron sulfate and zinc sulfate from the leaves and using vegetative liquid fertilizer. Liquid fertilizer enriched with microelements is used in the pre-flowering period by spraying on the leaves.

29- Fertilizer provides the organic materials needed by the soil and is also mixed with the soil to ensure the supply of nitrogen (nitrogen) when the plants have just begun to flower.

30- In mohammad flower gardens, excessive fertilization with nitrogenous fertilizers and excessive watering should be avoided.

31- After spreading the manure on the soil, it should be mixed with the soil immediately.

32- To adjust the physical and biological structure of the soil, it is very useful to use liquid and solid organic fertilizers in the autumn months and especially immediately after pruning between the rows.

33- Due to the problems in providing animal manure and also due to its high cost, it is possible to completely crush all kinds of organic animal and plant additions in farms and collect them in a very compact form after fermentation. Straw is sprinkled on it and covered with a plastic cover. This composition turns into compost after three to six months, then it can be combined with the soil as an organic material. This compost is also like the previous manure. It is added to the soil in winter.

34- Flower paste, which is the residue of the process of distillation of Mohammadi flowers, is a very efficient organic element. On average, flower paste contains three and a half percent nitrogen, three tenths percent potassium, two tenths percent phosphorus, it also contains magnesium and more than eighty percent. It consists of organic materials that can be dried and ground or turned into compost and used as organic fertilizer in rose gardens.

35- Soil preparation and weeding are very important.

36- Preparing the soil makes the natural rain water to be preserved in the soil to the greatest extent, the permeability of the soil is increased, the penetration of air in the soil is increased and the weeds that consume the water and nutrients of the soil are under control.

37- The first plowing of the soil in the rose gardens is done between the furrows at the beginning of March, as soon as the soil becomes soft and plowable. In order not to damage the roots of the plant, the soil plowing depth should not be more than 20 centimeters.

38- With the increase in air temperature and rainfall in the spring months, weeds reappear. In this situation, before flowering, the furrows are plowed again with tools such as Dilam or Rotavator.

39- The most effective factor in the fight against weeds is the right time and the correct way of plowing.

40- Weeds that grow on the edge of gardens can host diseases and natural pests. These grasses must also be pulled and destroyed before seeding.

41- When collecting flowers, due to excessive use of our space between the grooves, the soil is compressed and prevents the air supply to the roots of the plants.

42- Once every three to four years in the spring season, deep plowing without getting close to the root of the flower causes the soil to loosen and open.

43- Herbicides can be used to fight weeds. For example, in Bulgaria, Oxadiargy 1 is the herbicide recommended for use in rose gardens. In Iran, it is usually glyphosate or randap and 2D herbicides. 4 is used.

44- Filling around the root neck with wood shavings helps to reduce moisture loss in this area and stop the growth of weeds.

45- Covering between the furrows with a black plastic cover is effective in controlling the growth of weeds. Using this plastic cover creates a mulch system and eliminates diseases and pests that originate from the soil.

46- It is desirable to clean dry and broken branches from Golestan regularly in autumn and winter months throughout the year.

47- The manure used to increase the organic matter of the soil must be well decomposed, or instead, the additions of plants and animals can be fermented and turned into compost and used as organic fertilizer.

48- The harvesting season of mohammadi is from the second half of April in hot areas to the second half of July in cold areas.

49- Each worker can harvest about 5 kg of flowers in one hour.

50- When picking flowers, it is necessary to observe the following points: As much as possible, you should try to use gloves, less damage will be done to the flowers. Flowers should not be collected in bags that previously contained fertilizer or food. They should not be kept under the sun for a long time and should be sent to shopping centers immediately after collection in the early hours of the morning.

51- In the cold and rainy season, the average weight of 500 flowers is about 1 kg. In the hot and dry season, the weight of flowers decreases and the average weight of 650 flowers is about 1 kg.

52- Flowers should be picked in cold areas no later than 10 am and in hot areas no later than 8 am.

53- Collecting Mohammedan flowers when their dew has not yet dried increases the amount of essential oil.

54- At the beginning of the harvest season, the amount of geraniol and nerol in the rose flower increases and the amount of citronellol decreases. At the end of the harvest season, the amount of citronellol increases and the amount of nerol and geraniol decreases.

55- Rosemary must be distilled in the factory at least within 6 hours. Flowers that are distilled about 12 hours later will face a 20% reduction in essential oil yield.

56- 1 drop of essential oil is obtained from the distillation of 25 flowers.

57- The amount of flower production of a flower garden depends on factors such as height, path of the garden, age, pruning, irrigation, fertilization, weather and soil condition, which can increase or decrease the yield of the flower garden.

58- Rose loses its freshness in a short period of time. For this reason, distillation should be done on the day when the flowers are collected.
59- The research shows that under normal room conditions (25°C), mohammad flowers that are stored in a bag lose their volatile essential oils rapidly in a few days. During this time, the amount of Stearoptene and Citronellol increases. The amount of Geraniol and Nerol is reduced.
60- Freshly collected Mohammedan flowers can withstand up to 3 days without wilting if placed in a bag in cold water.

61- Mohammadi flowers on the first day of harvest have about 43 thousandths of volatile essential oils.

62- Pruning is one of the most important factors that affect the yield and quality of the rose.

63- The economic efficiency of the mohammad is between the ages of 4 and 6 years, and it reaches the senescence stage at about ten years of age with a decrease in the efficiency, therefore, at least once every ten years in the months of the autumn season, after the leaves have fallen, the old plants whose efficiency has decreased It is level with the soil by cutting it with an ax or electric saw and rejuvenation is done.

64- If manure is poured between the furrows immediately after rejuvenation pruning and drip irrigation system is used in dry seasons, the gardens will become productive very quickly.

65-Pruning is usually done either with pruning shears or with a lawn saw. In order to prevent diseases and pests from being transferred from plants to healthy plants, pruning machines must be continuously sterilized, and for sterilization, you can use sodium hypochlorite 10 percent or used hydrogen peroxide. Premature pruning stimulates budding and increases frost damage.

66- Flowers that are three years old, when they start to produce branches and flowers abundantly, pruning is used as an important method for these flowers.

67- Pruning makes it easy and quick to collect flowers and soil processing, irrigation, fertilization, fighting against weeds, diseases and pests is easier.

68- In the first few years of the establishment of flower gardens, when the branches have not yet reached the appropriate thickness and height, pruning is not done at all or is done partially.

69- In about 70% of the collected flowers, pink crown leaves and in about 30% of them green sepals, flower stems and reproductive parts can be seen. Another flower, the amount of volatile essential oils is 4 times. If the essential oil is produced only by distilling the pink crown leaves, this essential oil is of high quality and pale yellow in color. On the other hand, the amount of methyl eugenol, which is an allergenic ingredient, is less

70- Because it is difficult to supply farm fertilizers and also these fertilizers are expensive, in the fields any organic additions of animal and plant origin are first crushed and crushed and after fermentation (for fermentation these materials are compressed into The stack is made and straw is poured on it and then it is covered with a plastic cover and it stays like this for about 3-6 months) and turning into compost is added to the soil as an organic matter. Composts are added to the soil like farm manure before the winter season.

71- در کارخانه های اسانس سالیانه نزدیک به 30 تن خمیر گل تولید می شود ولی از این محصول بهره ی اقتصادی برده نمی شود در حالی که خمیر گل که باقی مانده گل محمدی پس از تقطیر است یک ماده ی ارگانیک بسیار خوبی است.خمیر گل به طور متوسط دارای 5/3 درصد ازت ، 0.3 درصد پتاسیم ، 0.2 درصد فسفر می باشد هم چنین دارای منیزیم بوده و بیش از 80 درصد آن از مواد ارگانیک به دست می آید.

72- در گلستان های ارگانیک گل محمدی از کودهای شیمیایی استفاده نمی شود ، در کشت ارگانیک برای حاصل خیزی خاک دو منبع مهم طبیعی وجود دارد : کودهای ارگانیک و کودهای گیاهی . از مواد ارگانیک می توان برای افزایش حاصل خیزی خاک استفاده کر د: مواد ارگانیک همانند کود و ادرار دامی، محصولاتی که منشا حیوانی دارند و محصولات فرعی آن(پودر خون،پودر ناخن،پودرشاخ،پودر استخوان،پودر ماهی،پودر گوشت،و…)محصولاتی که منشا گیاهی دارند و محصولات فرعی آنها (خمیر دانه های روغنی ، ساقه ی گل آفتابگردان ، پوسته ی برنج ، دور ریزهای کمپوست شده ی خانگی، پوسته و خاکستر درخت ، جلبک دریایی ، خاک اره و تکه های چوب ، لئوناردیت ، اسید هومیک ، سنگ گچ، پرلیت ، ورمیکولیت ، سنگ فسفات ، خاکستر ، نمک پتاسیم ، نمک منیزیم ، سولفات پتاسیم ، کلسیمی که منشا طبیعی دارد ، کربنات منیزیم ، آهک صنعتی که از صنایع قند و شکر به دست می آید ، گوگرد ، سنگ آسیاب شده و کودهای میکروبی که تغییرات ژنتیکی نداشته باشند).